The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Last Campaign of the Twenty-Second
Regiment, N.G., S.N.Y. June and July, 1863, by George W. Wingate

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net


Title: The Last Campaign of the Twenty-Second Regiment, N.G., S.N.Y. June and July, 1863

Author: George W. Wingate

Release Date: April 16, 2010 [EBook #32013]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LAST CAMPAIGN OF 22ND REGIMENT ***




Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
Libraries.)









  THE
  LAST CAMPAIGN
  OF THE
  TWENTY-SECOND REGIMENT,
  N. G., S. N. Y.
  JUNE AND JULY, 1863.


  New York:
  C. S. WESTCOTT & CO., PRINTERS,
  NO. 79 JOHN STREET.
  1864.



  Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year 1864,

  BY GEORGE W. WINGATE,

  in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States
  for the Southern District of New York.




THE LAST CAMPAIGN OF THE

Twenty-second Regiment N. G., S. N. Y.


On the 18th of June, 1863, it having been definitely ascertained that the
rebel horde had invaded Pennsylvania in force, the call of the President
was issued to the Empire State, and her militia, leaving everything as it
stood--their books unclosed, their ploughs in the furrow--hurried eagerly
forward in response, to unite in the defence of our sister State. All day
long blue and gray uniforms were dashing frantically backward and forward
through the streets, and in and out of the various armories of the city,
in search of essentials found missing at the last moment; and in military
circles the flurry and commotion were indescribable, particularly at the
Palace Garden in Fourteenth street, where the Twenty-second regiment
N. G., S. N. Y., assembling in great haste, were preparing to be "off to
the war" on their second campaign.

At last the manifold preparations were completed, and amid tumultuous
cheering, the fluttering of handkerchiefs, the ringing of bells, and the
thousand bewildering noises of an enthusiastic crowd, the regiment formed
and marched away--where to, none knew and none cared, so long as they were
doing their country a service.

That night was spent in the cattle-cars of the Camden and Amboy Railroad,
and the next morning found us entering the City of Brotherly Love, through
which, after being fed and washed at the immortal "Cooper Shop," we took
our way for the capital of the state, cheered on by an enthusiastic
ovation from the citizens, whose noble behavior and unstinted hospitality
to the thousands of soldiers who have passed through the city since the
beginning of the war, has obtained for Philadelphia the well-earned
reputation of being the most patriotic city in the Union.

The distance from New York to Harrisburg, I believe, may be usually
traversed in about eight hours, but (as there was a great need of men),
the regiment was kept precisely three days in cattle-cars before being
deposited at its destination, no insignificant omen of the fate that
awaited its members in the future. Finally, after an immensity of
tribulation, we got to Harrisburg, and spent the last of these three days
quietly lying alongside of Camp Curtin; this camp, so celebrated in
Pennsylvania annals, is a wide level expanse, in the vicinity of the city,
and was then crowded with the newly-raised militia, whose general
appearance and condition did not inspire us with that exalted idea of
their efficiency that the newspapers seemed to have; on the contrary, it
seemed to us, that a more indifferent, lazy, uncouth-looking set never was
seen outside of rebeldom; but as their ideas of hospitality toward us were
demonstrated in copperhead talk and chaffing us with hard names, these
views may be prejudiced. At some distance from Camp Curtin, however, were
a couple of batteries and some troops from Philadelphia, who really looked
like soldiers, and whose appearance inspired the "Yorkers" with a feeling
of respect which further acquaintance did not dispel.

But notwithstanding the society, the time hung heavy on our hands, and it
was no small relief, when, during the latter part of the afternoon, we
were sent across the Susquehanna, some of us into the fortifications, and
the others, including the Twenty-second, to camps in the different places
near the river, to protect the various approaches and fords in the
neighborhood of the city.

It was growing dusky as we arrived at our selected camp-grounds, and, as
it was a singular characteristic of the climate of Pennsylvania during our
brief sojourn, that darkness is synonymous with rain (for the sun scarcely
ever went down before the elements were imitating the movement), it
accordingly commenced to rain, and by the time it was fairly dark a heavy
storm was raging.

Fortunately, an immense empty barn was at hand, into which the regiment
wedged themselves, like sardines in a box, so tight, in fact, that those
unfortunates who happened to find themselves under a leak in the roof--and
there were many such--had to remain quiet under their douche, and take it
coolly for the whole night. The Eleventh and one or two other regiments,
being without either barn or tents, were obliged to sleep in the woods all
night without any protection whatever, and were consequently regarded as
suffering martyrs by all the rest of us, who wondered how they could
possibly have lived through it.

Little did those think who shuddered when they talked about sleeping in
the rain without cover, that in a very short time they would be doing that
very thing themselves, and come to regard it as a mere matter of course,
inconvenient to be sure, but so commonplace as to be hardly worth
mentioning.

The next morning, having pitched our tents, we entered upon the usual
routine of camp life, humdrum to the last extent. Hot as an oven, stupid
and monotonous as a prison, the first few days passed quietly enough. It
is true that the roofs and spires of the capital of Pennsylvania, which we
had come to defend, were in plain sight, but a very few visits there,
combined with the chilling reception we received in passing through it,
put an effectual quietus on our hopes of the good time that was coming.
Little bills, and big stories of little bills, for necessary purchases;
fifteen cents for a cup of (rye) coffee, and other things in proportion,
the general indifference of the inhabitants as to which side won in the
contest which was impending, and the other annoyances which have been so
fully ventilated in the New York newspapers, in a very short time
destroyed the clamor for passes, and rendered useless the complicated
system of signatures which had been devised to prevent the expected rush
for those documents.

By-and-by we were regaled by perusing in the New York papers the most
astounding accounts of the dangers of our position, and of the uprising of
Pennsylvania; unquestionably it was all true, but we hadn't seen anything
of the kind yet. Still, while laughing over much that we read, we could
not help noticing, that as time wore on, a stream of skedaddlers, small at
first, but rapidly increasing, was sweeping by the camp; and in a short
time crowds of able-bodied natives, driving their flocks and herds, and
followed by wagons heaped mountain high with their most precious household
goods, blocked up every road leading into the city, and showed that the
enemy were rapidly approaching.

Things, however, remained quiet, as far as we were concerned, but it was
only the quiet which portends the storm. A night alarm, caused by the
guard and pickets firing on spies escaping from the camp under cover of
the darkness, more spies, both male and female, in the guard-house, more
cattle, more scared natives rushing by as though a second exodus was at
hand, soon put us on the alert.

On Saturday, the 27th of June, that portion of the regiment not on picket
was hastily marched down the turnpike, and set at work throwing up a line
of rifle pits, to cover the road up which the enemy were now rapidly
advancing, report said, only four miles off; but as companies C (Capt.
Post), and G (Capt. Howland), had been previously sent some five miles
down the same road as pickets, and had not yet been driven in, we took
these figures with a slight discount. There was no question, however, but
that they were near enough, and we dug away for dear life, from eleven A.
M. to two P. M. (and the Sixty-ninth may be safely defied to produce a
bigger hole than we had finished at that time); and in consideration of
these unparalleled exertions, those in authority kindly allowed us to rest
our wearied limbs--by chopping down a good-sized forest, which interfered
with the range of the artillery.

Now, digging rifle pits in a hot sun is so very much like excavating a
sewer, that axe-work was fun itself compared with it, so the boys,
dropping their spades for axes, went to work with a _vim_, Col. Aspinwall
himself setting the example, while each company did its best to outdo the
others; and soon the big hickories, two and three feet in diameter, were
crashing in all directions, shaking the very ground with their fall. This,
by-the-by, was the "heavy cannonading at Harrisburg," which was
telegraphed on to the New York papers, where it greeted our wondering eyes
in print the next afternoon.

_Of course_ the people of the vicinity lent their experienced arms to
assist in obstructing the march of the enemy; the deputation of patriots
present, up to seven o'clock P. M., numbering precisely four (and two of
these were blacks, but none the worse choppers for that). After that
hour, through the earnest solicitations of a guard despatched by Colonel
Aspinwall, whose fixed bayonets presented an unanswerable argument, the
surrounding male population volunteered (?) their aid and axes towards the
completion of the work, while the tired troops sought their tents to
sleep.

No alarm broke the stillness of the night, and the regiment assembled the
next (Sunday) morning in front of the Colonel's tent for religious
services, feeling rather more disposed to be pious than usual, for none
knew what might occur before another day was passed.

Those services never took place. The men were assembled, the prayer-books
distributed, the Chaplain had risen and was on the point of announcing his
text, when the Colonel dashed up at full gallop, with the order--"Go back
to your company 'streets,' and strike tents at once!"

The men rushed back to their quarters, and preparations for breaking camp
went on in the greatest possible haste, in the midst of which the Chaplain
disappeared for parts unknown, and we never laid eyes on him from that day
to this.

Company D (Capt. Thornell) was here ordered down to relieve the companies
on picket, and in obedience to subsequent orders threw up a line of
rifle-pits across the road, to defend the position to which they had been
ordered; where they remained, lying on their arms, until they were called
in on the morning of the 30th.

In a few minutes the camp was struck, and we were marching off, little
thinking, as we took our leave of the pleasant spot where our nice new
tents were being loaded in wagons pressed for the occasion, of the length
of time that would elapse before our heads would get under their (or any
other) shelter again--perhaps, if we had, the leave-taking would have been
more affecting.

While one half of the remaining portion of the regiment was ordered to
hold the rifle-pits, the remainder marched to Bridgeport Station opposite
Harrisburg, and proceeded to barricade several houses commanding the
approaches to the beautiful railroad bridge erected at this point, with as
much industry as though they had not done a thing for a week. Companies A
(then commanded by Lieut. Franklin, Capt. Otis being temporarily absent)
and I (Capt. Gardiner), with beams, barrels of earth, bundles of lath,
railroad sleepers and sand-bags, by ten o'clock P. M., had converted the
engine-house in which they were stationed into a loopholed and casemated
battery to protect two pieces of the Eighth N. Y. troop, placed there to
rake the railroad. In the more laborious parts of this work, lifting
railroad sleepers and carrying sand-bags, they were assisted by a
detachment of negroes from the large body at work on the fortifications,
and it was really touching to see the patient, uncomplaining way in which
these poor men worked. All the preceding night and day with scanty
covering they had toiled, digging, carrying heavy beams and sand-bags, and
though almost wearied out, without the slightest compulsion, without the
use of a single harsh word from their overseer, they still continued. The
white volunteers from Harrisburg had long since abandoned the toilsome
work; the weary soldiers stopped at nine o'clock; but the negroes kept on.

At twelve o'clock P. M., the Twenty-second and Thirty-seventh, were
cautiously awakened and marched stealthily out to cut off the enemy's
advanced guard, reported to be reconnoitring in our front. It was an
imposing sight to see the long column dimly and silently winding down the
roads and through the varying shadows of the night. Not a sound was
heard--orders were given in a whisper; and as we drew nearer the enemy's
position, the silence was so profound that the heavy breathing of the men
was distinctly audible.

After a long march, whispered orders were passed down the line, and amid a
death-like silence we halted and formed line of battle, fixing bayonets,
and freshly capping our pieces in readiness for instant service. Every eye
was strained through the darkness to discern the patrols of the enemy in
the wavering shadows of the woods and fields, and every ear was stretched
to its utmost tension to catch the expected challenge. But the silence was
unbroken, and after a few moments' halt the column proceeded, feeling
their way with the utmost caution, and expecting at every instant to hear
the volley which would announce that the advanced pickets had been
encountered; but our caution was unnecessary, the enemy had fallen back
and there was nothing to be seen.

The movement was splendidly managed, and only wanted one thing to be a
magnificent success, that was--an enemy. "As there wasn't anybody to be
captured, we could not capture anybody;" so after marching out some five
miles past the pickets, we returned without seeing anything, and at five
A. M. lay down by the railroad track to catch a few minutes' rest. Company
B (Capt. Remmey), were not allowed even this rest; but were obliged to
return to the picket station, down the New Cumberland road from which they
had been recalled to join in the expedition, and which they did not reach
until after seven o'clock.

The next day was spent in line of battle, waiting for an attack; but the
rebels kindly allowed us to rest during the day, and to "turn in" at our
usual hour at night, without molestation, for which we were exceedingly
obliged to them.

In the meantime the preparations for the defence of Harrisburg went on
with all possible speed; by this time the fortifications erected there
were quite extensive, and it is probable that their looks went far toward
dampening the ardor of the "Confeds." But it seemed to us that in the
incessant hurry and bustle that were going on around, there was a great
want of system; that there was no great mind overseeing everything, and
watching that the right man was in the right place. Much of this is
certainly unavoidable. A general cannot see everything done with his own
eyes, but still the unusual manner in which things were managed--the
rushing at a thing for half a day, then leaving that unfinished, and going
at something else; the subordinates at a loss for orders, and almost every
one doing what seemed right in his own eyes--was the subject of frequent
comment, especially among the "thinking bayonets" of the rank and file.
But in justice it must be said that their opportunities of judging were
very limited.

At about ten o'clock on the morning of the 30th of June, an order came
from the General commanding, for the Twenty-second and Thirty-seventh New
York to prepare for a _two-hours'_ march, nothing to be carried but
canteens. A hasty roll of the drum, a few hurried orders from the company
officers, the line was formed, and in less than fifteen minutes the
regiments were off, leaving everything behind them. They have not got back
from that two hours' march yet!

After marching and counter-marching all over the country for some fourteen
miles, the brigade, in the afternoon, encountered the enemy near Sporting
Hill or Hampden, and quite a smart engagement ensued, the Twenty-second,
supported by some Pennsylvania cavalry (who skedaddled at the first
shell), advancing through woods and wheat-fields on the left--Co. A (Capt.
Otis), being detached as a reconnoitring party to cover that flank in the
advance--while the Thirty-seventh advanced on the right, as skirmishers,
the Philadelphia battery having the centre. At first, a portion of the
rebels, posted in one of the immense barns for which Pennsylvania is so
celebrated, was enabled to annoy the brigade considerably, wounding a
lieutenant and several others of the Thirty-seventh; but they were finally
compelled to evacuate, and in a very short time their artillery was
silenced, and they were in full retreat along the whole length of the
line. This success must be ascribed in a great measure to the gallant
conduct of the Philadelphia battery, which, as far as we were able to see,
was unquestionably the most efficient of the organizations, that the
invasion of her soil had elicited from Pennsylvania patriotism; and in the
eyes of our boys, the Philadelphians therefore stood very high.

In this affair the rebels lost some fifteen killed, and twenty or thirty
wounded (this being the account given by themselves to the farmers in the
vicinity). The Union loss was very slight, though, as usual, there were
all sorts of semi-miraculous escapes. After a short pursuit, the approach
of darkness admonished us of the necessity of caution; a halt was
therefore ordered, and in a short time orders came to go back to camp.
Full of life and spirits, although considerably exhausted by the fatigues
of the day, the brigade took up their line of march for Bridgeport. A
wagon filled with provisions, belonging to the Twenty-second, had been
sent out from the latter place to meet the column as soon as it was known
that there had been a "scrimmage," and hearing of the return of the
troops, those in charge had halted when some six miles out, and were
busily engaged in preparing supper. Orders, however, were sent forward to
repack and hurry everything back, so that the men would have supper ready
on their arrival in camp.

Supper! how the word put fresh vigor into weary limbs, and kept up the
flagging spirits. No one can know, till he has tried, what a difference it
makes in the marching powers whether, after a prolonged fast, you are
proceeding _toward_ your supper or _away_ from it.

While we were marching merrily along, suddenly the order came to _halt_!
_Rest._ And then it was discovered that, for some unknown reason, the
powers that be had decreed that the brigade should spend the night where
they were; and there, drenched with perspiration, without rubber blankets,
haversacks--anything, in the wet grass by the side of the road, in the
midst of a drizzling rain, they lay down to sleep, about as uncomfortable
as men could well be.

When the wagon came up, a little coffee and hard tack were dealt out, but
as this event did not take place till about two o'clock in the morning,
the number of those who could keep awake to wait for it was very limited.
At daylight in the morning, three crackers per man and _no_ coffee
composed a light and frugal repast, on which we started on our first long
march.

At about four A. M., the regiments were massed in column to hear a speech
from their Brigadier; but it was lamentably evident that, however skilled
in the art of war he might be, the mantle of eloquence had never fallen on
his shoulders. He stated to the men that _he_ had endured as much as they
had, slept and eaten as little; that _he_ (on horseback) didn't feel
tired, and therefore they (on foot) shouldn't; that _he_ (on horseback)
could go to Carlisle, and therefore they could.

Now as no one had objected, or in fact knew, that we were going to
Carlisle at all, this assumption that we were trying to shirk our duty, at
a time when all were flattering themselves for making extraordinary
sacrifices, did not add many to the rapidly diminishing circle of the
General's admirers.

At the time of starting, and for some time afterwards, it was supposed
that Carlisle was in possession of the rebels, and that we would have to
fight our way through. Skirmishers were therefore thrown out, and the
column, composed of one (I) company of the Twenty-second as an advanced
guard, another (B) company deployed as skirmishers, then the
Thirty-seventh and Twenty-second (Col. Roome being senior to Col.
Aspinwall) moved cautiously forward; but after going some five or six
miles the skirmishers were drawn in, information having been received from
paroled prisoners and farmers that the enemy had left the town (though
their pickets were still in the immediate vicinity), and we proceeded
without any precautions whatever.

The day was beautiful, though rapidly becoming too warm for comfort, and
the route lay through a most lovely country. Scarcely anywhere can the eye
rest on finer scenery, more beautiful fields, more comfortable houses, or
more magnificent barns (for magnificent is the only adjective applicable
to those structures) than those of southern Pennsylvania. But alas! the
houses were deserted, the farms pillaged--everything of value, everything
that could walk, or be eaten, or--stolen, was gone--swept away by the
invader, and the peaceful population driven from their homes by the
ruthless hand of war.

A few hours' marching brought us past the scene of yesterday's
"scrimmage," and enlivened by the prospect of another fight, as the
fatigue and stiffness of the previous night wore off, the echoes of song
and laughter floated down the column, taken up and re-echoed from company
to company till they died away in the distance, "and all went merry as a
marriage bell"--for a time.

The roads were good, the air pure, the halts frequent--there was nothing
to find fault with. The people, hitherto the only objectionable feature of
the country, were as kind and hospitable as we could desire; and in
Hogestown, a little village on the "pike," and all along the road,
wherever there were occupied houses, the women (and very pretty women some
of them were, too) turned out _en masse_, with trays of bread and apple
butter, and buckets of cool spring water, to help along the tired troops.
A happy contrast with the customs of the capital we had left behind us.

A regiment of Reserves, who had started fresh and well-fed from Harrisburg
that morning, and had gained on us while we were retarded by the slow
progress of the skirmishers through the tall grain and tangled wheat,
hurried up when the rumor began to spread that Carlisle was evacuated, and
in a manner displaying equal ignorance of the rules of war and politeness,
undertook to push their way through the brigade, "to get in ahead of the
Yorkers," and win the honors of the victory from those who had borne the
burden and heat of the day. In attempting this they soon found that they
had calculated without their host, and that the commanding officers of the
Twenty-second had cut their eyeteeth long before putting foot in
Pennsylvania. When they pushed up on the right, the head of the column
gently obliqued that way; if they changed around, a simple "left oblique"
rendered the movement needless; and when they attempted by high strategy
to come up on _both_ sides, the order, "_By company into line_," filled
the road from fence to fence with a solid front of men, who serenely swept
forward, refusing to budge from their path for all the "preserves" "ever
pickled."

Then, letting down the fences, they took to the fields, and attempted to
get by that way. At the sight of this a wild cry of "double quick" went up
from the rear to the front of the column, and breaking into a "double" the
brigade swept on for a mile or more, leaving their followers vanishing in
their rear, whence, either from their being exhausted, or from hearing
that the rebels had _not_ left Carlisle, they never emerged to trouble us.

We had heard, it is true, from passing buggies, and straggling squads of
paroled prisoners, that the village itself had been evacuated; but all had
united in asserting that the rebels were still very near, several stating
that they were just on the outskirts of the place. Under these
circumstances an ordinary mind would think that there was no necessity for
hurrying. The Reserves were "gone in," and if there was the least danger,
common sense required that the men should be brought into the city as
fresh as possible; but our commander did not see things in that light, and
consequently walked deliberately into a trap, which came within a hair's
breadth of proving fatal to the whole command.

The skirmishers had been called in before this, and the march had been
rapid; it now became "_forced_." That meant, in this instance, a march
pursued without regard to the health, comfort or fatigue of the troops,
against the expostulations of the surgeons; where speed is such an object
that everything must be disregarded, and well or ill, suffering or not,
the men must push on.

And we did push on, and from our halt, more than ten miles from Carlisle,
till we prepared to meet the enemy in the city, no rest was allowed. When
we arrived at Kingston, a small but patriotic village on the road, where
the women stood at their doors with piles of bread and apple butter, all
expected, as a matter of course, that we would be allowed to rest and eat
something; but notwithstanding that no rations had been received since the
morning of the previous day, (except a little bread obtained by a few of
the lucky ones at Hogestown), and although it was now noon, yet our
Brigadier refused to allow a moment's halt, and the men were compelled to
close up and march away from the food that stood ready for them. Any one
who thinks this was not a sacrifice had better try the experiment.

For a little while the march continued as usual. Thirteen miles passed; a
few quietly dropped out; all were growling, not loud but deep. Fourteen,
more vacancies--fifteen--the weather growing oppressive with the sultry
heat of mid-day. No shade, no water, no rest; no complaining now, but men
dropping out with frightful rapidity. All those who were not pure "grit"
had given in previously, and from this time every man kept up till he fell
from sheer exhaustion. On every side you would see men flush, breathe
hard, stagger to the side of the road and drop almost senseless; but still
the column went on.

At one time the entire left wing of the Thirty-seventh, on arriving at the
crest of a hill, rebelled, and halted where they stood. It would have been
well if the whole brigade had followed their example; but as the
Twenty-second pressed on, regimental pride was aroused, an officer
snatched up the colors and rushed forward, cheering on his men; and
closing up as best they could, every man, able to walk, rallied himself
once more, and pushed forward. Colonel Roome, of the Thirty-seventh, gave
out early, exhausted by illness and the fatigues of the previous day, but
followed his regiment in a wagon; and many other officers were compelled
to imitate his example. But as there were neither ambulances nor wagons,
nothing in truth for the transportation of the sick but what could be
picked up on the road, the great majority of the disabled not only here
but throughout our subsequent march, had to be left where they gave out.

We finally halted a mile from Carlisle, and formed into line of battle to
repel an attack from the rebels, then found to be in the vicinity. But in
place of the two regiments, that started eleven hundred strong, only about
three hundred men could be mustered on halting, and even these were almost
completely exhausted; while the remainder of the brigade were stretched in
groups along the roadside, striving to collect their scattered forces
sufficiently to enable them to overtake the column, and _seven men_ in the
Twenty-second reported by the surgeon as ruptured, afforded an additional
proof, if one were necessary, of the severity of the march.

The mere distance marched was not so great, as necessarily to have
produced such a result, the same troops subsequently marched much farther
without a tithe of the suffering, but it was a great mistake to compel
militia, exhausted by previous labor and privation, to undergo such an
ordeal without food or rest, and its effect on the morale and discipline
of the troops can readily be conceived by any one.

At last the march was finished, and we were at Carlisle, but so were the
rebels. For awhile there was mounting in hot haste, riders galloping back
to hurry up stragglers; and the brigade rapidly formed into line, amid
hurried consultations of field officers, muttered curses from captains
who, like Rachel, mourned for their companies "because they were not," and
the other unmistakable signs which indicate nervous anxiety at
headquarters. After an hour or so spent on tenter-hooks, somebody told
somebody something which resulted in our marching ahead, expecting to have
to fight at any moment. But no enemy exhibited himself, and passing
through the principal street of Carlisle, we raised the American flag amid
great enthusiasm.

Blessed be Carlisle--almost the only place since leaving Philadelphia
where cheering had been heard. We could not appreciate too highly the
grateful reception we met. The hurrahs of the men, the smiles and waving
handkerchiefs of the ladies, made us feel that patriotism still existed in
the state; and when the tired and hungry men were shown to a substantial
meal in the market-house, and waited on by the ladies of the village (who
utterly eclipse any seen on the route for good looks as well as
hospitality), it was unanimously resolved that "Mahomet's paradise was a
fool to Carlisle."

Having made some slight amends for their two days' fast, the Twenty-second
marched through the city (without finishing their supper), having been
ordered to support our friends, the Philadelphia battery, in a plan that
had been formed at headquarters for cutting off a rebel detachment
supposed to be around somewhere; a supposition that was strictly correct,
for a very short time showed that they were _all around_ us. On the way to
the position--refreshed and almost as good as new--uproarious cheers were
given for the ladies of Carlisle, the Thirty-seventh, Colonel Roome, for
everything, in fact, _except_ our Brigadier, whose approach, from that
time forth, was the signal for the deadest kind of silence. A slight
which, on this occasion, elicited from that neglected individual an order
forbidding "this ridiculous (?) habit of cheering." Circumstances, you
know, alter cases.

On reaching the crest of a hill, about two and a half miles south of the
village, the artillery was placed "in battery," while the Twenty-second,
now pretty well filled up by the arrival of those who had given out from
the privation and heat of the march, formed line of battle as supports,
and it may be remarked, as an instance of the pluck and the fatigue of the
men, that, though an engagement was momentarily expected, more than three
quarters of the rank and file coolly lay down in their places and went to
sleep. An hour passed, and the heavy boom of a cannon, and the explosion
of a shell, brought even the most weary to their feet. Nothing was to be
seen in front; but the thick columns of smoke ascending from Carlisle, the
bright flashes of light and the frequent reports of artillery from the
surrounding hills, showed us that the rebels had surrounded the place in
overwhelming force, and, without affording to the helpless women and
children an opportunity to escape, had commenced to shell the town.

Fortunately the moon had not yet risen, and the dusk of the evening
concealed us as we stealthily crept back. On arriving we learned that a
dash of cavalry had been made into the town, the government barracks and
the gas-house fired, and the batteries had at once opened, without further
warning. As there were inside, at that time, not more than eight hundred
men, and one battery of four guns, and the attacking force numbered four
thousand, with a much heavier force of artillery, things commenced to look
as though our present journey would be continued _via_ Richmond; but
happily our division commander, General W. F. Smith, proved himself here,
as everywhere else, fully equal to the emergency. While a portion of the
Twenty-second were deployed as skirmishers on the flanks of the town,
covered by sharpshooters, posted in the windows of the adjoining houses,
behind which the artillery were placed, the centre of the town was
protected by a force, mainly composed of the recent arrivals, concealed
behind the heavy stone wall of the village cemetery. The Thirty-seventh,
divided in like manner, were scattered around so as to make the largest
possible show--some Reserves were also there--everywhere they should not
have been--who were rushing around indiscriminately, and aggravating the
Thirty-seventh tremendously by disturbing their ranks in so doing.

For the purpose of protecting our flanks, it was found requisite that
out-lying pickets or scouts should be sent as far out to the front as they
could go, to give all the notice possible of any advance of the enemy. The
service was one of such danger, and the assurances of being "gobbled" by
the rebels so great, that the cavalry detailed for that duty refused to
perform it. Colonel Aspinwall, hearing of this, offered to supply their
places. The offer was accepted, and a detail was made from Company D, who
were stationed in the vicinity, guarding the barricade across the road.
The three men selected, at once advanced without hesitation, and spent the
whole night alone, in the extreme front, patrolling the approaches; and
performed their difficult and arduous duty in such a manner as to earn a
special compliment from Captain King of the Fourth regulars, the division
chief of artillery.

Why our friends, the enemy, did not attack and capture the whole party of
us remains a mystery to this day--but it is conjectured that some
skirmishers of the Thirty-seventh, who were captured at the commencement
of the fight, being no way daunted thereat, coolly told such huge stories
about the First Division N. Y. S. M., as to "bluff" their captors. It was
very evident, at least, that the rebels were wholly in the dark
(figuratively as well as literally) respecting the position of our forces;
and being compelled to fire at random, threw their shell around in a
manner most disagreeable to witness from our end of their cannon. After at
least two hours' rapid firing, the rebels sent in a flag of truce,
demanding the surrender of the place, very kindly allowing some fifteen
minutes for the women and children, whom they had not already killed, to
leave the town to escape the "certain destruction" which was threatened (à
la Beauregard) if the request was refused; but refused it was by Gen.
Smith, in terms more forcible than polite; so the batteries reopened.

It had now become a clear moonlight night; a portion of the artillery was
so near that the commands of the officers could be distinctly heard, and
the incessant flash and roar of the guns, the "screech" of shells flying
overhead, and the heavy jar of their explosion among the buildings in the
rear, seemed strangely inconsistent with the calm beauty of the scene. At
times it seemed doubtful whether the incessant uproar was really the
bombardment of a quiet village; for, during the momentary pauses of the
cannonade, the chirp of the katydid, and the other peaceful sounds of a
country summer night, were heard as though nature could not realize that
human beings had sought that quiet spot to destroy each other.

It must not be supposed that any such sentiment, or in fact any sentiment
whatever, was exhibited on our part; quite the contrary, for as soon as it
became evident that no immediate attack would be made, the men, whether
crouching at the house windows, or lying on their faces in the wet grass
of the cemetery, went to sleep with a unanimity charming to witness; the
heaviest shelling only eliciting a growl from some discontented private,
that "it was a blasted humbug for the rebs. to try to keep a fellar awake
in that manner;" the remark ending generally in a prolonged snore that
proved the unsuccessfulness of the attempt.

Some time before dawn, preparations were made to receive the attack, which
was expected to follow the instant that the first streak of daylight
discovered our position. Officers bustled nervously around, the sleepers
were cautiously awakened, and all stood to arms with the stern
determination to resist to the bitter end; but judge of our gratification,
when the shelling gradually ceased; and in a short time the announcement
that the rebels had retreated, gave us an opportunity to look around, and
ascertain the damages.

From the incessant uproar, the scream and report of the bursting shells,
the glare of the flames, the smashing of buildings, and the other sounds
incident to a bombardment, which had greeted our ears during the preceding
night, the general expectation in the morning was to find the town a heap
of ruins, and the great majority, both of troops and inhabitants, bleeding
in the streets.

Never was there a greater mistake. It was really wonderful to think that
so much cold iron could be fired into a place and cause so little loss of
life and limb. To be sure much property had been destroyed, any amount of
houses struck, many greatly damaged, and roofs and windows generally
looked dilapidated enough; but, as in the other bombardments of the war,
the destruction had been far from universal, and the escape of the
occupants perfectly miraculous.

The citizens, concealed in their cellars, and the soldiers lying flat
behind the cemetery walls and in the fields, had almost entirely escaped
the iron tempest; shells had gone under and over any amount of people, but
had really _hit_ very few. Some of the townspeople were hurt, but the
exact number is unknown. A few of the Reserves who were rushing around the
streets, instead of obeying orders and keeping under cover, suffered
heavily; the Thirty-seventh, always unlucky, had some hurt; while the
Twenty-second, with more than their usual good fortune, got off with one
or two slightly bruised. The rebel loss is almost unknown, but is supposed
to have been severe.

As soon as it was definitely known that the rebels had retreated, the
brigade, dispensing with the little formality of breakfast, marched to the
top of a hill, about a mile south of the town; and after forming line of
battle in an oat-field, the men, exhausted by the twenty-five miles' march
of the preceding day and the fatigue of the night, with one accord, lay
down in the blazing sun and slept till late in the afternoon.

About four o'clock some breakfast (or rather supper), in the shape of a
little pork and potatoes, was found; but just as we were getting ready to
eat, the dulcet notes of the "_assembly_" burst upon our unwilling ears,
and we had to "fall in," dinner or no dinner. Of course we obeyed; but not
relishing the idea of marching away from the only meal that had been seen
for twenty-four hours (a thing which we had been compelled to do more than
once before), a grand dash was made at the pans; and the regiment fell in
and marched off, every man with a piece of pork in one hand and a potato
in the other, eating away for dear life, and forming a _tout ensemble_ not
often equalled.

With the exception of a little picket duty, that night and the next day
were spent in camp opposite the ruined barracks, and were devoted by all
hands to the most energetic resting. To some, the day was blessed by the
receipt of their overcoats and rubber blankets. Happy few! But their joy
only made more melancholy the condition of the great majority whose
portables still remained behind, safely stowed in Harrisburg; so safely,
that as far as the owners were concerned, they might as well have been in
New York; so safely, in fact, that the owners of one half of them never
found them again. In truth, from the commencement of our "two hours" march
until we arrived in New York (just three weeks), neither officers nor
privates were ever enabled to change even their under clothing, but soaked
by day and steamed by night in the suit they wore the day they started; a
suit which, consequently, in no very long time assumed an indescribable
color and condition. Many managed, by hook or by crook, during our
subsequent marches, to beg, borrow, or "_win_," some rubber blankets; but
at least one in six were without that indispensable article, whose absence
renders camp life "a lengthened misery long drawn out," and more than one
in four were without overcoats; while plates there were none; spoons were
very scarce; and the use of such things as forks, combs, and even soap,
was utterly forgotten, nor could they be procured. Soap, for instance, we
would think could be obtained anywhere; but unfortunately the rebels
entertained a notion that if they only washed they would be clean; an idea
which any one, who ever saw them, will admit to be too preposterous to
require contradiction. But preposterous or not, they acted up to it, and
immediately on entering a place proceeded to appropriate every square inch
of soap that could be found therein; so that when we came along a few days
afterward, nothing saponaceous could be obtained for love or money, and in
consequence, the absence of that essential frequently compelled us to
imitate the habits of our "Southern brethren" much closer than was
agreeable.

Our stay in Carlisle was pleasant--_very_ pleasant--for in addition to the
hospitable treatment we received as individuals, our regiment was honored
by the presentation of a flag from the ladies of the city. But we could
not stay there always; and at reveillé, on the glorious Fourth of July,
without seeing as much as a single fire-cracker, or hearing an allusion to
the American eagle, or the flag of our Union, we turned our backs on
civilization and marched for the mountains, taking a bee-line for
Gettysburg, where, although unknown to us, the greatest battle of the war
was raging. General Smith having previously detailed the Twenty-second to
remain as a guard for the city, we came very near being ingloriously left
behind; but, at the urgent request of Colonel Aspinwall, and to our own
infinite gratification, we were permitted to accompany the column to the
front.

We now formed a portion of a division commanded by Gen. W. F. Smith,
composed of that portion of the New York militia formerly stationed in the
vicinity of Harrisburg, and who had joined us at Carlisle, consisting, I
believe, of the Eighth, Eleventh, and Seventy-first regiments of New York,
the Tenth, Thirteenth, Twenty-third, Twenty-eighth, Forty-seventh,
Fifty-second, and Fifty-sixth of Brooklyn, the Seventy-fourth and
Seventy-fifth of Buffalo, and one or two others from the interior of the
state, besides two Philadelphia batteries, a few Pennsylvania troops, and
the regular cavalry from the Carlisle barracks; and from this time until
our return our adventures became identical with those of the whole
division.

The day was clear and beautiful, the roads good, and, as we reached the
mountains, the scenery became magnificent. General Smith himself directed
our progress, and everything seemed propitious. By noon we had
accomplished twelve miles almost without fatigue, and took our noonday
rest (for under an officer who understood himself, this essential was not
tabooed) in the shade of the woods which fringed one of the mountain
passes, eagerly seeking information about the battle, which we now learned
was in progress, and this time our information was from authentic sources.
About three thousand paroled prisoners (principally of the first corps of
the Army of the Potomac, captured in the first day's fight at Gettysburg,
and released on the Carlisle road, because the rebels had too much on hand
to look after prisoners), passed us during the day, in a steady stream;
and from them we learned that we were but one day's march from the
battlefield, and would probably be able to turn the scale of victory if we
arrived in time.

So eagerly were we engaged in discussing the chances of the battle, and
seeking to reconcile the different accounts we received, that no one
noticed a change in the weather, until the rapid drift of black clouds
overhead, and the dull sighing of the trees, warned us that rain was close
at hand; in the midst of hurried preparations it came--not a rain, but a
deluge. Hour after hour, in steady perpendicular sheets, the rain
descended. In vain were all the ingenious contrivances of leaves and
boughs; in five minutes overcoats were soaked; in ten, shelter tents
sheltered nothing but small lakes; in fifteen, even rubber blankets were
useless; and in less than half an hour all were united in the common
misery of a thorough ducking. In an incredibly short time, the whole scene
was changed: what was formerly the road had been converted, by a stream
from the hills, into a torrent mid-leg deep, through which the released
prisoners trudged with all the coolness of veterans; the woods,
banks--everything, was flooded with lakes and waterfalls; and in front,
bridges rendered insecure, and fords impassable, showed what old Aquarias
could do when he set fairly to work.

One or two brigades in the advance, suspecting what was coming, pushed on
and crossed the ford over Yellow Breeches creek before the worst had come;
but by the time our brigade was ready to follow their example, the creek
was no longer fordable, and we were obliged to wait some time before it
was safe to attempt to get over; and even though the men eventually
crossed, the baggage, on account of either the ford or the bridges, stayed
behind; thereby acquiring a habit of doing so, which subsequently
interfered very seriously with our comfort.

After long waiting, the waters subsided sufficiently to allow us to
proceed, and the regiment started, drenched to the skin, but glad enough
to get anywhere, if it was only away from those woods; and pushing rapidly
forward, a short march over flooded roads gullied by the rain, brought us
to what was called _the ford_.

The popular idea of a "ford" is a clear, shallow sheet of water, more or
less broad;--at least we expected to see something of the kind. The actual
ford we marched up to was a thick wood, filled with tangled thickets,
logs, and the nameless floating things of a freshet, through which a
mountain torrent, a hundred yards wide, tore and plunged like a mad thing.
An hour before it would have been madness to cross; but now, by felling a
few trees across the deepest holes, it had been made practicable, though
exceedingly difficult, to get over. With pants rolled up as high as they
could be coaxed (producing a most extraordinary appearance, as may well be
imagined) the troops--by a series of climbing over the stumps, balancing
along the slippery and unsteady logs which bridged the holes where the
current was too swift and deep to be waded, creeping gingerly with bare
legs through thorny thickets, and anon struggling waist-deep through the
turbid stream, whose rapid current was filled with floating logs, which
inflicted most grievous "wipes" on the extremities of the forders, besides
rendering it almost impossible to stand without assistance--proceeded to
cross.

Notwithstanding the unpleasantness of the operation, the frequent duckings
and the no less frequent bruises from stumps and floating timber, the
sight was so supremely ridiculous that the misery was forgotten in the
fun. Roars of laughter greeted those unfortunates--and their name was
legion--who, in their endeavor to keep piece, cartridge-box, coat-tails
and other "impedimenta" out of the water, forgot about their footing,
until they were reminded by a plunge from a slippery stump, head over ears
into the depths of the stream, that that was the first, not the last
point, to be kept in mind.

A short distance from the ford a halt was ordered, where the men collected
as they struggled over; each company building huge fires and trying to
render themselves a little less uncomfortable. Vain thought! Scarcely had
the fires begun to throw a more cheerful light on the scene, when
"Brigade, forward!" was heard from the front, and turning our backs on the
comforts we had hoped for, we squattered up the road. "Squattered" is
rather a singular word, but it is the only one available to describe the
mode of progression up that road. And such a road! Considered a bad road
in fine weather, in a region where there are _no_ good roads, the most
vivid imagination fails to depict its present condition. It wound along
halfway up the side of a mountain; and between the steady pour of the
rain, filling up every gully and making a mud lake of every hole, and the
torrents which, rushing down from above, cut it into all sorts of hollows
and trenches, as they swept across to precipitate themselves off the other
side into the valley beneath, it presented every combination of evils
which could appal a weary traveler. Along this road, mill-race, slough,
stone bed--for it was all of these by turns--we pushed forward; but the
pen fails in the endeavor to describe that march. Many things have we
suffered and been jolly over, but it is unanimously voted that "for good,
square misery," the night of the 4th of July, 1863, is equaled by few and
excelled by none in the annals of the Twenty-second regiment.

As a pitchy blackness rendered everything invisible, a lantern was carried
at the head of the column, to prevent those behind from being lost. Every
few minutes we would be plunged into a mountain stream running across the
road, and which could be heard falling an indefinite distance down the
other side; wading across this, in an instant, more we would find
ourselves struggling knee-deep in mud of an unequaled tenacity; and the
efforts made to extricate ourselves generally resulted in getting tripped
up by projecting roots and stumps. As those in front reached an obstacle,
they passed the word down the line, "Stump!" "Ford!" "Stones!" "Mud-hole!"
Frequently this latter cry became altered to "Man in a mud-hole!" "_Two_
men in a mud-hole--look out sharp!!!"

The only way in which it was possible to move was by following exactly
behind your file-leader, if you lost sight of him you were helpless; yet,
amid all these difficulties, we continued our march, with a calm despair
that was prepared for anything.

At eleven o'clock at night the head of the regiment halted per
force--stuck in the mud--even the officers' horses too tired to go another
step; the brigade itself was lost, scattered for the last three miles,
wherever a turn or twist in the road had hid the guiding lamp; less than
two companies were on hand, and many of their number had been left in the
various mud "wallows" on the way; all were perfectly exhausted, so we
camped where we stood--such camping-ground ne'er before was seen by mortal
man--but it was Hobson's choice, that or none.

Imagine a swampy, water-soaked, spungy compound of moss and mud, where the
foot sank ankle-deep, covering a bank some twenty feet in width, which
extended from the dense woods to the muddy road; no fence, no house for
miles; every bit of wood and brush so soaked that one might as well have
tried to start a fire with paving stones; and you will have a very faint
idea of the cheerful place in which we lay down, tired, hungry, muddy, and
wet as water could make us, to enjoy (?) a little sleep. At about one
o'clock it commenced to rain--heavens, how it did rain! It takes
considerable to arouse men as tired and worn out as those that lay around
in that swamp; but one by one they got up with the melancholy confession
that "the rain was once more too many for them." By dint of patient
industry a fire had been made, whose ruddy blaze seemed to cheer up the
scene a little, and clustering around it the awakened sleepers sought a
little comfort; but it was all in vain. Another sheet of rain; and the
fire, a moment previous, blazing breast high, was a mass of water-soaked
embers, around which huddled, for the remainder of the night, as
disconsolate and miserable a set of bipeds as ever was seen. During the
whole night but one solitary laugh broke the gloomy silence. A poor
unfortunate corporal, who had been crouching all night on the end of a
log, wrapped up in a rubber blanket, falling asleep in the vain endeavor
to extract a little warmth from the embers of the extinguished fire, lost
his balance while nodding to and fro, and rolled backward, heels over
head, into the mud and water which composed the road; whence he emerged,
such a pale drab-colored and profane apparition, as would have drawn a
smile from the very Genius of Despair. In this general misery, rank was
forgotten; even our Brigadier shared our fortunes, and slept in the mud
like the lowest private. Arising before dawn--if that term can be used
where no one had laid down--we pushed forward; and a most tiresome
five-mile walk through the same horrible road, now drained into a sticky
clay mud, knee-deep, brought us to Laurel Forge, a place composed of a
dozen huts, a big forge, and nothing else, where, at about eleven A. M.,
we got a little something to eat, the first for more than thirty hours.
But _our trains were behind_, broken down, stuck all along in the mud.
This does not mean much to outsiders; but to us it meant that the shortest
kind of short commons would be our fate in future, a prophecy which we
found to our sorrow to be strictly correct. At about half-past eleven
o'clock, the men having nearly all come up, and a chance having been
afforded them to get a mouthful to eat (in consequence of the
expostulations of the officers against the Brigadier's orders to go
forward without waiting for food) we proceeded on our weary way; and about
three hours' marching over very good, but awfully steep mountain roads,
brought us to the spot designated for the division camp, where we went to
sleep in the customary rain, which fatigue had now deprived of its powers.

At this portion of the march, Judge Davies (of the New York Court of
Appeals) who had come to the front with despatches, joined the regiment,
and shared its fortunes in the subsequent movements until he was
compelled to return home, after our arrival at Waynesboro'. The Judge
seemed to take a great interest in what was transpiring; and it would have
considerably surprised those who have only beheld him on the bench, to
have seen him, in an old linen coat "split down behind," scouring the
country to the right and left of the line of march, in quest of supplies
and information for the Twenty-second; displaying, in these pursuits, the
most invaluable talents as a forager, and a capacity for enduring hardship
and privation which put many of his juniors to the blush.

The situation of our present camp was most picturesque, the scenery
magnificent, the mountain air bracing. There was only one drawback--that
the few wagons that had resisted the embraces of the mud could not be
brought up to the crest of the mountain where the camp was situated. These
wagons contained our rations (and precious little of them too); that we
could not live without eating, at least once a day, was made evident, even
to the great mind that controlled us; and so, as the mountain would not
come to Mahomet, Mahomet had to go to the mountain, and the next morning
we marched down the other side, in imitation of the king of France, of
pious memory, to a camp where, by hard foraging, at about one o'clock,
P. M., we secured our breakfast of bread, apple butter and
meat--_real meat_, and never did breakfast taste so good in all this
world.

It was well known by this time, that while we were stuck in the mud on the
glorious Fourth, the rebels had retreated from Gettysburg, and were now
endeavoring to escape through the mountain passes, and we were reluctantly
compelled to abandon the hopes that had been entertained of earning
immortal glory, by coming in at the eleventh hour to turn their defeat
into a rout. It is evident to every one that it would have made an
immense difference in the result of the contest, if our division of fresh
troops, eight or ten thousand strong, could have been precipitated upon
the flank of the rebel army, exhausted as they were by three days'
fighting. But it was not to be; and therefore, turning away from
Gettysburg, we bent our energies to prevent the rebels from securing the
mountain passes. Marching hastily to one gap we would hold it, until the
information that the rebels were going to another would cause a forced
march for that. What would have taken place, if we had happened to strike
a gap, just as half of Lee's army had got through, is a thing which we did
not think about at the time, but which we now see would have been rather
unpleasant.

I will not enter upon the monotonous recital of the dreary marches that
were performed in the three times in which we crossed the mountains, of
the incessant rains, the horrible roads, the want of food! One meal a day
was our usual allowance, and this generally consisted of bread (at a
dollar a loaf), and apple butter. If we could get meat once in three days
we accounted ourselves fortunate, and then the animal was driven into
camp, shot, cut up, cooked and eaten in less time than it takes to write
about it; and such meat, generally eaten without salt, was not very
nourishing. Money was offered freely enough, but partly from the poorness
of the country and partly from the ravages of the rebels, food could not
be obtained. In this misery all the militia, whether New-Yorkers or
Pennsylvanians, were common sufferers.

On the 6th day of July, we marched till late at night, expecting to cut
off the rebel wagon-train at Newman's Gap. It was as dark as Erebus, but
the numerous lights, and the sounds that were heard as we approached,
convinced all that the movement had been successful, perhaps a little too
successful, for it was evident that there were more infantry than wagons
in our front. The surgeons took possession of a house and hung out their
flag, a few hurried preparations were made, and the regiments moved
cautiously up, when the return of one of our scouts disclosed that the
supposed enemy was only some of the Brooklyn regiments, who had taken a
shorter road, and come in ahead of our brigade. Considerably disgusted at
this intelligence, we turned off into the fields which bordered the road,
hungry and tired enough, and slept in the long wet grass, till in the
early gray of the morning, we were ordered to "forward."

On reaching Newman's Gap, we found that Lee's rear-guard had passed
through, about eight hours before we got there, and that the fight, so
confidently expected at this point, was "off" for some time yet; but,
though disappointed in this respect, we were compensated by obtaining
something to eat; and in addition had the pleasure of having pointed out
to us, no less than six houses, in all of which Longstreet had died the
previous night, and two others, where he was yet lying mortally wounded.

On the 7th of July, after an unusually fatiguing march over muddy roads,
rendered almost impracticable by the passage of Lee's army, the division
went into camp at Funkstown. The place selected was a level piece of
ground in the midst of a beautiful grove, intersected by a rapid little
brook, the whole forming one of the most comfortable spots imaginable.
Rations had come up, and though we had to sleep on our arms for fear of an
attack from Stuart's cavalry, then in our neighborhood, we lay down in
first rate spirits and slept the sleep of the just.

During the night it rained heavily; but too tired to wake up for any
ordinary shower, we sheltered ourselves and our guns as best we might,
and slept on. At about three o'clock it seemed as though the very
fountains of the great deep had been broken up, and the rain came down in
solid sheets, compelling the most tired to rise; we could stand a good
deal, and, as one remarked, a common rain wasn't anything, but when the
water got so deep as to cover his nose, he woke up in disgust.

What a sight presented itself on rising! The beautiful grassy plain, level
as a billiard-table, on which we had lain down so cheerfully the night
before, was now a lake, beneath whose surface our guns, canteens, and
other paraphernalia, were slowly disappearing; the little brook had become
a torrent, almost equal to the far-famed Yellow Breeches, which a few
Brooklyn boys were vainly endeavoring to ford, in order to rescue some of
their traps swept away by its sudden overflow; the smooth grass had
vanished, and on every side nothing was to be seen but mud, water, and wet
and muddy soldiers.

From three to eleven o'clock A. M. that rain continued with unabated
vigor. A fire was started under the shelter of a rubber blanket, and
coffee made, which put new life into our limbs, and we became quite jolly.
It is a noticeable fact, that where things become perfectly awful--when
the mud is deepest and the rain the heaviest--there the spirits of the men
appear to rise with the difficulties of the situation (except when they
have nothing to eat), and they apparently enjoy themselves much more than
if they were merely suffering from a temporary annoyance; and accommodate
themselves to circumstances as though it was rather funny than otherwise;
nevertheless, we were not in the least displeased when the order came to
march.

On the 8th of July, the division arrived at Waynesboro', where we were
annexed to the third brigade, second division of the sixth army corps
(whose white cross, artistically carved out of cracker, was at once
adopted by any quantity of the men), and in the subsequent manoeuvres
which took place, became a part of the Army of the Potomac. We found
Waynesboro', a pleasant little place, but so cleaned out by the rebels
that you could not even buy a tin cup; and although our foraging parties
scoured the country both in and outside the pickets with untiring zeal,
the results were meagre enough; and during the three days we remained
(most of the time expecting an attack), we had almost nothing to eat the
first day, and but a bare sufficiency afterward.

During these three days, by dint of sleeping about all the time, the
brigade had got pretty well rested, and in the afternoon of the 11th took
up their line of march for Maryland, in first-rate spirits.

We experienced some trouble on the way, and marched and countermarched a
good deal, losing three hours' time and our tempers, in consequence of our
General having forgotten that, in going through a strange country, he
couldn't get on well without providing himself with a guide; and it was
not till after dark that we got across the Antietam at Scotland's Bridge.
Once across, however, a pleasant moonlight march over a first-rate road,
soon brought us to the border, and when our officers announced, "That
house marks the line, boys!" it was with no small gratification that we
shook off the dust from our feet, singing with great empressment the Union
version of "Maryland--My Maryland," together with a number of parodies not
very complimentary to the "men we left behind us."

A few miles from the line, we camped by division. Many, in reading of a
camp by division, imagine a most picturesque scene, of long lines of snowy
tents being pitched, while trees are felled for firewood, and all sorts
of poetic things take place. Nothing of the kind occurs. On arriving at
the selected spot (generally a large field), the regiments file in one
after another, taking their places in the order in which they marched, and
break to the rear so as to form column by companies. The orders are given:
"Halt! Stack arms! _Go for rails!!_" And every man simultaneously drops
his traps where he stands, and makes a bee-line for the tall worm fences,
which are vanishing in every direction, as if by magic. One of these rails
must be contributed to the company fire, and happy is he who in addition
to procuring his quota, can secure a couple more for himself! Serenely
reposing on their sharp edges, covered by his rubber blanket, he defies at
once the rain above and the mud below; or, more ambitious grown, the
spoils of four are combined, and a shelter, à la rebel, is speedily
constructed, which is roofed with two rubber blankets, and the proprietors
lying underneath on the other two, are at once the admiration and envy of
their comrades. The company rails being obtained, are split, a fire
started, and supper cooked (if there is anything to cook), and the men,
after smoking the pipe of peace, lie down, some around the fire, and the
rest where they halted in the first instance, and in two minutes are fast
asleep; blessing the memory of the discoverer of tobacco, and the man who
invented sleep.

At the first streak of daylight all are awake; a hurried breakfast is
made, or not (generally not), ablutions are likewise dispensed with; the
"assembly" sounds; rubbers and overcoats are hastily rolled and slung by
those who are lucky enough to have them; a few hurried orders are passed
along the line; the troops fall in and march off; and in half-an-hour the
trampled ground, the ashes of numerous fires, and the ruined fences, alone
tell that ten thousand men have camped there for the night.

For some time we had been pressing hard upon the heels of Lee's retreating
army, and at every step new signs of the rapidity of his movements were to
be seen. He moved in three columns, the cavalry and artillery taking the
road, and the infantry the fields on each side, through which their
trampling had cut a path as wide as a city street, destroying the crops
they encountered, in a way fit to bring tears into a farmer's eyes; and
throughout the whole route, numbers of wounded men were found, left in the
houses by the roadside, and deserters without end were encountered, while
broken wagons, abandoned ammunition, canteens, &c., &c., were strewed on
every side. Yet, notwithstanding these appearances of demoralization, it
was evident, from the accounts of the country people, that, though much
dispirited by their late defeat, the rebel army was far from being the
mere mob that it was believed by some to be.

It is true that the mountains were full of stragglers, and our cavalry
were constantly passing us with crowds of prisoners in their charge; yet
the main army had a good deal of fight left in it still, and when it
turned on its pursuers, as it frequently did, like a stag at bay, it was
not to be despised.

From the formation of the ground, in that section of country, the
retreating army derived a great advantage over their pursuers, and were
constantly enabled to take positions too strong to be attacked with less
than the whole Union army, and where a mere show of strength would check
our advance; and then before Meade could concentrate his forces, Lee would
be off. At Funkstown in particular, with the simplest materials, a steep
slope, fronted by the Antietam, had been converted by the rebels into a
second Fredericksburgh. This was all that saved them, for General Meade
pressed the pursuit fast and furious.

On the morning of Sunday, the 14th of July, we found ourselves at
Cavetown, almost used up. We had had no breakfast; and, from a variety of
causes, the march had been one of the most wearisome we had yet
experienced. The morning was sultry and exhausting beyond expression; the
atmosphere heavy, with that peculiar feeling which precedes a
thunder-storm--and, in addition, our shoes were so nearly worn out that
the sharp stones, which covered and almost paved a most abominable
wheat-field, through which we had passed on the route, had disabled many
whose feet were just recovering from the blisters of previous marches.

As soon as we had halted, the division formed line of battle, on the rise
of a little hill fronting Hagerstown (to act as supports to General
Kilpatrick, who had gone forward that morning to attack it), and we then
lay down to rest, first sending details in all directions to forage for a
meal.

While idling around, bemoaning the condition of our feet, and discussing
the chances of capturing Hagerstown, the sultry promise of the morning was
amply redeemed by one of the most tremendous thunder-storms ever seen; the
rain fell in torrents (but this was a matter of course, and excited no
remark), and the thunder pealed and the lightning flashed all around
us--too near to some. Five men of the Fifty-sixth Brooklyn were struck,
one of whom died instantly, and the others were badly hurt. A gun
belonging to the Thirty-seventh was shattered to pieces by the electric
fluid; and several men in the different regiments were reminded by slight
shocks that the farther they kept from the stacks of arms the better.

During the afternoon our ears and eyes were gladdened, the one by
intelligence that Hagerstown had been taken after a sharp fight, the other
by the sight of our dinner (or breakfast) coming up the road, in the shape
of an astonished ox, who, when he threw up his head in response to the
cheers which greeted his entré, was shot, skinned, and boiling, before he
fairly knew what he was wanted for; and finally, the arrival and
distribution of a case of shoes to those who were actually barefoot, put
us all in the seventh heaven of delight. We also found some tobacco! To be
sure it was poor stuff, apparently a villanous compound of seaweed and
tea; but only those who have known what it is to see their stock of the
precious weed vanish day by day, with no available means of replenishing
it, can imagine our feelings on finding a supply, after we had been
reduced to less than a quarter of a pound to a company.

At about twelve o'clock the next day, the column camped by division, some
three miles from General Meade's headquarters, about the same distance
from Boonesboro', and within sight of the immense train of the reserve
artillery, at a place where the old bivouacs of the Army of the Potomac
filled the air with the nauseating smells invariably incident to deserted
camps. In this delightful spot we waited for the battle which was to be
brought on.

All were in high spirits;--it was universally supposed that the rains had
made the Potomac unfordable, "and that Lee was a goner this time sure;"
but as hour after hour passed without a sound of the heavy cannonading
which marks "the battle's opening roar," and rumor after rumor filled the
air, the talk, as time lengthened, grew less and less hopeful, and finally
during the afternoon we learned definitely that "the play was played out."
Lee was gone, boots and baggage, and our hopes of taking a hand in the
contest which would probably have decided the war, were gone with him.
Perhaps it was all for the best. If Lee gave battle, it would be on
selected ground, against weary troops, where every man in the rebel army
knew he was fighting with no hope of escape, and would consequently
resist to the utmost; under these circumstances, the contest, if not
doubtful, would unquestionably have been bloody beyond all precedent; and
many desolated homes, and empty places in the armories of the Empire City,
would have mourned for those who would return no more.

We were now in the midst of the Army of the Potomac, and it is difficult
for those inexperienced in such matters to form the least conception of
the vast bulk of men and material which contribute to form that
organization; yet, huge as it was, no confusion was visible, and
everything went like clockwork, even during the difficulties of that
hurried pursuit.

We only wished that the same could be said of us, but so far was this from
being the case, that it was remarked by a regular officer that there was
more destitution and suffering among our little division than among the
whole Army of the Potomac, and no one acquainted with the facts can deny
the correctness of the assertion.

It is impossible to express what a relief it was when we once became
incorporated with this army; for to enter it, was coming once more from
the scarcity and make-shifts of the backwoods, into the light of
civilization. We found ourselves again among newspapers, and
sutlers--people who could change a two-dollar bill and had things to sell;
where greenbacks yet served as a medium of exchange, and provision trains
were not more than two days behind time; and in our exultation, we even
began to entertain vague hopes that, in the progress of events, our
letters might be possibly forthcoming. It was now more than two weeks
since a word of news had been heard, either from home or abroad; and we
naturally were exceedingly anxious for a little information about matters
and things in general. Our ignorance was painful on almost every subject.
Vicksburg, we knew, had been captured, but this was all; and even the
battle of Gettysburg, fought right under our noses, and a common topic of
conversation, was to us "a tale untold."

On the 15th of July, our time was up, the rebels gone, and there being
nothing more that we could do, General Meade told us "he was much obliged
and we could go." So, bidding General Smith a cordial good-by, we took up
our line of march for Frederick City, _and home_; first, however, going a
long way in the wrong direction, and having to countermarch back. This was
nothing new, however, for, whether it was owing to ill luck, bad guides,
indefinite orders, or stupidity, something of the kind took place at every
movement that was ordered. The brigade never turned down a side-road, or
took an unusual direction, without a general grumble arising--"Wrong road,
of course! see if we don't have to go back in a few minutes,"--and we
generally did. In truth, we went back so often, that we began to hate the
very word "countermarch."

It is presumed that those in authority had been informed by telegraph
respecting the riots in New York; but the first that the subordinates knew
about the matter was, on obtaining, on the march, that memorable Herald,
describing how the "military fired on the _people_." If any of the editors
of that veracious journal had happened to be in our vicinity about that
period, it is more than probable that they would have been furnished with
a practical illustration of their text, for a more angry set of men than
the first division N. Y. S. M., never was seen.

It was sufficiently galling to know, that while we were away enduring all
sorts of hardships to expel the rebels from Northern soil, an infamous set
of copperheads had undertaken a counter-revolution in our very homes; and
the additional reflection of the opportunity it would give our
Pennsylvania friends to depreciate our state, lent the account an
additional sting. That day was the first, and we hope the only time in our
lives, that any one was heard to say that he felt ashamed to think that he
was born in the city of New York.

As may well be imagined, this intelligence, and the pleasing uncertainty
existing in our minds respecting the welfare of our friends and homes,
considerably accelerated our desire to get home again; and we pushed
vigorously down the Fredericksburgh pike, breathing prayers, the reverse
of benevolent, for the welfare of the rioters--until we could attend to
them in person. Under any other circumstances it would have been a
beautiful march; although oppressively hot in the early part of the day,
the weather afterward was all that could be desired. The road was wide,
smooth--tremendously hard, to be sure, for feet, as sore and badly shod as
ours, and in its windings through the passes of the South Mountain,
traversing a few more hills than were strictly agreeable--yet more
beautiful scenery than it presents to the eye of the traveler can rarely
be found.

That country is all historic ground. Those white boards on the right,
"covering many a rood," marked the last resting-places of the thousands of
unknown heroes who sealed their patriotism with their blood in the battle
of South Mountain; and all along the stone fences and among the trees on
the left, the frequent bullet-marks tell how hot the conflict raged a year
ago; for every foot of land for twenty miles around has been a
battle-ground for the contending forces.

About sun-down we arrived at Frederick City, a bustling little place, full
of soldiers, and with a large sprinkling of the fair sex, who, contrary to
the experience of last year, loyally applauded the passing troops. Many
would class it as a "one-horse town," but to us it appeared a little
paradise. It was a place where you could buy things, and although our
predecessors turned up their aristocratic noses at the food there
procurable, _our_ only grievance was that we could not get any of it.
Expecting to start directly for home, the division, without halting,
continued its march through the city to within a quarter of a mile of the
railroad depôt, which, for some unknown reason, is situated about three
miles from the city, but, as usual, we were doomed to disappointment;
whether the cars were ready or not, I cannot say; but, after a long
consultation among the officers, it was settled that we could go no
further, and at about eight o'clock we went into camp; having completed a
march of over twenty-five miles since breakfast, with little or no
straggling. This, we consider, is doing pretty well for militia.

The next day we "loafed," resting under the trees and devouring the stock
in trade of the sutlers who had come down to see us, restlessly waiting
all day under orders to be ready to start at a moment's notice.

At about six P. M., the Thirty-seventh and Eleventh struck camp and
marched off for the cars, amid the cheering of the whole division; but no
orders came for us, and after waiting till half-past nine P. M., we went
to sleep. At exactly eleven o'clock an orderly dashed up: "The regiment
was to take the cars forthwith." The word passed from mouth to mouth like
lightning, and in less than no time the men were awakened, formed, and
marching off "for home."

We had to go precisely a quarter of a mile and get into the cars which had
been standing all day on the track; and how long can any outsider,
unacquainted with military manoeuvres, imagine it took to get us on
board? Not an hour, nor half an hour, but _five hours and a half_, by
the watch, elapsed from the time we started till we got into those cars;
and as it was raining in torrents all the while, it is not difficult to
imagine the benedictions that were freely bestowed on every one supposed
to be concerned in the matter. When we had gone about a hundred yards from
camp the order came to "halt." After a little time we were told to "rest."
Seeing no signs of a movement, and a heavy rain having come up, the boys
unrolled their rubber blankets, and the cooler hands wrapped themselves up
and lay down to sleep in the middle of the road, while the others took it
out in swearing. In about an hour "Fall in!" was heard. We woke up, shook
ourselves, and marched another hundred yards, where the same scene was
repeated. Marching off the third time, we turned away from the main road
and struck along the field to the depot, thinking we were off this time,
_sure_. Vain thought! When we got on the bank, overlooking the railroad
track, not a car was to be seen, and there we stood in the midst of a
drenching rain, on a slippery clay slope where it was impossible to sit
down, tired and sleepy as men could well be, for nearly two hours before
the cars, after a little eternity of backing and switching, were
pronounced ready for us. The moment the cars were reached every one threw
himself on the floor, and, in spite of wet clothes, dirty floors, and
leaky roofs, knew nothing more till daylight dawned on us entering
Baltimore.

With the mention of the word _Baltimore_, the word _breakfast_ is
intimately associated in our minds.

Oh! that first good civilized breakfast, with forks and chairs, and the
other appliances of civilized life--the pen fails in the endeavor to do
justice to that repast!

Yet in spite of the threats that were made of the quantities that would be
eaten; and although it was near one o'clock before we sat down, we were
disgusted to find our systems so disorganized by a habit of taking
breakfast late in the afternoon, and omitting the other meals altogether,
that half the things that were ordered could not be disposed of; in fact,
it was at least three days after our return to the bosom of our families,
before we could manage three regular meals a day, without feeling
uncomfortable; but this sensation soon wore off, and when it did, ample
amends were made by all, for past abstinence.

From Baltimore to New York was a short and uneventful journey, and on the
18th day of July we found ourselves swinging up Broadway, glad to be home
once more, but sorry enough to think that we were denied the pleasure of a
shot at the rioters in general, and our worthy ex-mayor in particular. And
although a long and aggravating tour of duty at home was still before us,
here ended our eventful campaign.

It has been a favorite argument against the militia organizations, to
decry them as Broadway troops, good for playing soldier, but who would be
found wanting if subjected to the stern realities of a soldier's life.
This test has now been made, and the New York militia can proudly point to
their record.

Marching one hundred and seventy miles in less than three weeks, in the
most inclement weather, through mountain passes and over abominable roads,
on ten days' rations, without a change of clothing, in expectation of an
attack at any moment (our regiment alone forming line of battle over
nineteen times), they point with pride to the thanks tendered to them by
General Meade in his official report, and claim that they have done all
that could be expected of them--if not more; and although smarting under
the usage they received from those they went to protect, they stand ready,
if an occasion of similar emergency should again arise, to meet again the
same hardships, and undergo the same labors; but the next time we hope to
be directed by generals who know _a little_ about the details of their
business, and will not have to learn at our expense.

It is an elementary maxim that soldiers will not serve with any credit
under a man they do not respect; and when they find their leaders ignorant
of the first rules of military life, obliged to ask information from
subordinates, and constantly sneered at as ignoramuses by those who _do_
know what they are about, they speedily become discontented and
suspicious, and in that condition are worse than useless.

Our Colonel and other officers had learned their duty in previous
campaigns; and by the manner in which they handled their men, and the care
with which they regarded their welfare, earned at once the gratitude and
respect of their command. And this remark is also true of such men as
Colonel Roome of the Thirty-seventh, and Colonel Maidhoff of the Eleventh.
But what would have happened to the militia generally, and to our brigade
in particular, if it had not been for their regimental officers, it is
difficult to foresee. When we think of what did take place, and what might
have taken place, the New York militia fervently pray,

"From long marches, wet weather, short commons, and militia generals, good
Lord deliver us."




Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.

The following misprints have been corrected:
  "cautionsly" corrected to "cautiously" (page 9)
  "June" corrected to "July" (page 39)
  "and and" corrected to "and" (page 44)






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Last Campaign of the Twenty-Second
Regiment, N.G., S.N.Y. June and July, 1863, by George W. Wingate

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LAST CAMPAIGN OF 22ND REGIMENT ***

***** This file should be named 32013-8.txt or 32013-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/1/32013/

Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
Libraries.)


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.net/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.net

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.